Which is most clearly the central idea of the paragraph?

Because they come from a business background, executives tend to have little to no understanding of their company’s product or service whether it’s frozen potatoes or deep tissue massages. Why, therefore, would an executive ever bother to invest in his company’s product or service when he can invest in sales, marketing, account management, or something else that has meaning in his world?

The only ability that we know for certain that standardized tests can measure is the ability to take tests. A student with a short attention span, a student who suffers from lack of sleep, a student who fails to decipher a poorly written question, is doomed to bear the label of “unsatisfactory aptitude” when aptitude was never in fact a variable.

Hierarchies the ranking of human beings from highest to lowest have always provoked irrational attitudes in people. Every entry-level employee knows that her company’s management ranks are full of undeserving buffoons who could never cut it among the working classes. As soon as that employee becomes a manager, however, she suddenly feels that her subordinates are inferior simpletons.